What are the acts of worship that are tied to specific reasons, what is their definition, and what are their names?

Acts of worship that are tied to a reason are those prescribed for a specific cause, such as the eclipse prayer, the greeting of the mosque (tahiyat al-masjid), the two rak'ahs after ablution, circumambulation (tawaf), prostrations of recitation and gratitude (sujud at-tilawah wa ash-shukr), and the funeral prayer and the vowed prayer (salat al-manthoorah). It was reported from An-Nawawi that there is no detestability (karahah) for acts of worship that have a reason. Scholars differed regarding the prayers for rain (istisqa') and guidance (istikharah) as to whether they are disliked during times of detestability or not. As for Ad-Dardir, he mentioned among the acts of worship tied to a reason: the prayer upon returning from a journey and upon setting out for it, entering and leaving the mosque, the istikharah prayer, the prayer for a need (salat al-hajah), the prayer of repentance (salat at-tawbah), two rak'ahs after purification, and when punishment is expected, such as earthquakes, plagues, eclipses, and lightning strikes.