Is a bank loan that covers a deficit in the balance to pay checks, in exchange for repaying the amount with an increase at the end of the year, considered usury?

What you described, namely preparing a file and depositing it with the bank for a loan that deducts from you at the end of the year with an increase, is clear usury (riba). You must stay away from this transaction to be saved from sin, for Allah the Almighty has warned against usury in His saying: "O you who have believed, fear Allah and give up what remains [due to you] of interest, if you should be believers. And if you do not, then be informed of a war [against you] from Allah and His Messenger. But if you repent, you may have your principal - [thus] you do no wrong, nor are you wronged." And the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said: "A dirham of usury which a man consumes knowingly is worse in the sight of Allah than thirty-six acts of adultery."