Does the son take his debt from his deceased father's inheritance, or does that fall under the Hadith "You and your wealth belong to your father," and does the wife take her deferred dower from her deceased husband's inheritance?

The son and the wife have the right to take their debts from the deceased's estate before its distribution. This includes the wife's deferred dowry. The son's debt owed by his father is considered valid, and he has the right to collect it from the estate before its division. It is even more appropriate for the wife to have the right to collect her deferred dowry from the estate, as it is a debt owed to her.