Is it permissible for a widowed woman in her iddah (waiting period) to go out into the courtyard of the house if there are foreign workers present, or to go out to graze sheep at a distance of 5 kilometers from the house in a remote area, especially since she is alone in the house for most of the day?

It is permissible for a woman in iddah to go out into the courtyard of her house. Moreover, it is permissible for her to go out during the day to attend to her needs, whether she is divorced or widowed, based on the hadith of Jabir, where the Prophet (peace be upon him) said to his divorced aunt: "Go out and harvest your date palms, for perhaps you may give charity from them or do some good." She must adhere to the Islamic hijab and proper conduct if there are non-mahram men in the courtyard of the house.