What are the best classical (commentated) and modern books that have addressed the development of faith and faith in detail? And is there a scientific progression in the books on faith?

If the questioner is referring to faith as the righteousness of the inner self and the actions of the heart, then he can refer to ancient books on asceticism (zuhd) and heart-softeners (raqāʾiq) such as "Kitāb al-Raqāʾiq" from Sahih al-Bukhari, and books on asceticism by imams like Ahmad, Wakīʿ, and Ibn al-Mubārak. Among the most famous books on the actions of the heart is "Madārij al-Sālikīn" by Ibn al-Qayyim.

Among the comprehensive books that cover both outward and inward acts of faith are: "Shuʿab al-Iman" by al-Bayhaqi, and among contemporary books: "Al-Tawdīḥ wa al-Bayān li Shajarat al-Imān" by Shaykh ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Saʿdī.

There are many books authored by imams to regulate matters of faith and refute opponents, such as the books on faith by Ibn Abī Shaybah and Ibn Mandah, and books on Sunnah like those by al-Khallāl, Ibn Abī ʿĀṣim, and Ibn Baṭṭah, and "Kitāb al-Sharīʿah" by al-Ājurrī.