What is the ruling on one who exhibits signs of Islam in Dar al-Kufr (the abode of disbelief) or Dar al-Harb (the abode of war)? And is he to be judged by the ruling of the land until the contrary becomes clear? And what is meant by "the ruling of the land"?

Mere residence in the land of disbelief (Dar al-Kufr) does not necessitate the disbelief of one who does so, if he is a Muslim. However, he may be judged as being obligated or recommended to emigrate (Hijra), depending on his ability to observe the rituals of his religion. If a person's outward appearance is that of Islam, then he is judged to be a Muslim. Prayer is one of the signs of Islam. The ruling of Islam applies based on the Islam of one's parents or based on the land in which one resides, unless the person embraces Islam himself while being aware of its meaning.