Are there any Qur’anic verses or Prophetic traditions that call for killing a Christian or a non-Muslim if they have not committed a crime warranting death, or does the Qur’an forbid that by Allah’s saying: "Whoever kills a soul unless for a soul or for corruption [done] in the land – it is as if he had slain mankind entirely"? And what are the conditions that permit the killing of a non-Muslim outside of wartime?

Disbelievers are not all of one kind. Some are peaceful, like those with whom a covenant has been made or those living under Muslim rule (dhimmis), while others are belligerent. It is not permissible to treat them all equally in judgment and معاملة. Allah Almighty has commanded kindness towards non-belligerents and forbidden loyalty to belligerents. Islam also permitted fighting with just cause under specific circumstances that serve the public good, and prohibited killing non-combatants even in war. Islam has preserved the rights of peaceful non-Muslims. Legitimate killing in Islam is restricted to specific cases for the public interest, and it is the prerogative of the Imam (ruler) and not individuals.