Does a husband's fondling, kissing, and touching of his wife without intercourse invalidate the fast for both spouses if they are fasting, or does it invalidate the fast only for the wife if she is observing a voluntary fast while her husband is not fasting, and should she prevent him from doing so?

The fast is not broken by direct contact, kissing, or touching if no seminal emission occurs. The majority of scholars hold this view. However, it is not permissible to engage in such acts during an obligatory fast if it is highly probable that they will lead to emission. If a man ejaculates due to touching or caressing his wife, his fast is broken, and he must make up for that day without expiation in the case of an obligatory fast. As for the woman, if she was coerced, there is no expiation upon her. But if she was willing, then what applies to the man also applies to her.