Is it obligatory to make up the Fajr prayer if one performs ghusl from menstruation after its time has expired, knowing that there was a possibility of menstruation ending in the morning but ghusl was performed at noon due to an impediment? And what about the obligatory prayers for a menstruating woman if she performs ghusl after Asr or Isha?

The criterion for a menstruating woman to catch the prayer time is the verification of her purity. If she becomes pure before sunrise, she is obligated to make up the Dawn prayer according to the Shafi'is and Hanbalis, provided there is enough time remaining for one takbir. As for the Malikis, she makes it up if she becomes pure with enough time to perform ghusl and catch one rak'ah or more before sunrise; otherwise, it is waived. If a menstruating woman becomes pure after sunrise, she may delay the ghusl until the Dhuhr prayer time, but it is not permissible to delay the ghusl or the prayer until sunrise if she became pure before it.