Is there a specific supplication in the Quran or the Prophetic Sunnah for obtaining a righteous wife of beauty, religious devotion, and good character?

There is no specific supplication for seeking a righteous wife, but one can supplicate with any dua' that suits the situation, while seeking out times when supplications are answered, such as the last third of the night, during prostration, and between the Adhan and Iqamah. Among the general suitable supplications is: "Our Lord, grant us from our wives and our offspring comfort to our eyes."