What is the difference between the five daily prayers in terms of the surahs and supplications recited in them, or is the difference limited to the number of rak'ahs only?

There is no difference between the five daily prayers except in the intention and the number of rak'ahs. Reciting Al-Fatiha is obligatory in all of them, and reciting a surah after Al-Fatiha in the first two rak'ahs is prescribed in all of them. Likewise, the takbir, the glorification in bowing and prostrating, the dhikr while sitting between the two prostrations, and the tashahhud are all prescribed for all prayers.