What is the ruling on supplicating to Allah with something that defines Allah's wisdom, and is this considered an infringement in supplication? And is it permissible to ask for sustenance for someone other than the one striving, who is unable to strive due to illness?

All matters should be entrusted to Allah, and one should ask for facilitation of good wherever it may be, because a person does not know where good lies, and he may desire something that is harmful to him. Therefore, it is preferable to adhere to comprehensive supplications and to ask Allah to facilitate good, while cautioning against asking for a specific thing whose goodness and outcome are unknown, unless the request is conditioned on Allah knowing what is good in it, and it has been preceded by a proper istikhara (prayer for guidance).

There is no harm in asking Allah for a specific permissible thing by saying: "Grant me such and such, and make it good for me," but it is more appropriate to condition the matter on Allah's knowledge of what is good. However, saying: "Indeed, You have decreed and predestined that this be good for me" is an error, an audacity concerning the unseen, and an transgression in supplication, and it must be abandoned. There is no harm in seeking provision even if the person is incapable from the perspective of means, for Allah is over all things competent.