What are the times for the beginning and end of the obligatory prayers, and the times for the voluntary prayers, in the absence of means to know the time?

Allah Almighty has made it easy to know the prayer times by designating cosmic signs for them.

- Dhuhr: Begins when the sun passes the meridian (zawal) and extends until a man's shadow becomes equal to his height, in addition to the shadow present at zawal. - Asr: Extends until sunset, and the time after the sun turns yellow is a time of necessity. - Maghrib: Begins at sunset and extends until the disappearance of the red twilight. - Isha: Begins with the disappearance of the red twilight and extends until the appearance of the true dawn. It should not be delayed past midnight. - Fajr: Begins with the appearance of the true dawn and extends until sunrise.

Times for voluntary prayers (Nawafil):

- Regular Sunnah prayers (Rawatib): The pre-Fard prayers are performed after the time for the obligatory prayer begins and before the obligatory prayer. The post-Fard prayers are performed after the obligatory prayer. - Voluntary prayers restricted by time: Such as Duha and Witr, performed within their designated times. - Voluntary prayers with a specific reason: Performed when their reason is present, such as Tahiyyat al-Masjid (greeting the mosque). It is permissible to perform them during times when prayer is generally prohibited, according to the Shafi'is and Sheikh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah. - Unrestricted voluntary prayers (Nafl Mutlaq): Performed at any time except during the times when prayer is prohibited.