Is it permissible to take the phone of a person who refused to compensate for damage he caused, when the value of the phone is less than the value of the damage?

It is not possible to rule on the entitlement to compensation until the case has been thoroughly examined from all its angles. The default is to refer the matter to the judiciary. However, if that is not possible and you are able to take something from the property of the one who owes the right, provided it does not exceed the value of what you are owed, then it is permissible to take it. This is known as "al-Dhafr" (seizing one's right). It is a condition that the wronged person does not take more than their right and that no harm results from it.