Is the employee entitled to keep the financial compensation paid to him by the airline due to delayed baggage and damage incurred as a result, or does this compensation rightfully belong to the company that bore the costs of the trip?

If the company was not harmed by the delay and you were the sole party harmed, then compensation is your right. However, if the company was also harmed, then the money is to be shared between you, according to the extent of harm each of you incurred, for the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said: "There shall be no harm nor reciprocating harm," and "Harm is to be removed."