What is the jurisprudential adaptation (takyif fiqhi) for a merchant transferring a sum of money to a company for the purpose of participating in a tender? Is this considered a usurious loan? Is it permissible for the company to agree with the merchant on a share of the profit in exchange for the money, and what is the legitimate (Sharia-compliant) solution for the merchant's profit?

What was mentioned about the company taking a sum from the merchant to give him a fixed amount is precisely usury (riba); because it is a loan with interest, and this is absolutely impermissible. The legitimate way for the merchant to profit is for him to be a true partner with the company in the project, contributing a specific amount, and for the partnership to be subject to the rulings of legitimate Islamic partnership, which include not guaranteeing the capital in case of loss, and not guaranteeing a fixed profit. Rather, they agree on a common percentage of the profit if it occurs. He can also engage in a murabaha sale with them, by selling them something on credit.