What is the way to get rid of the doctrinal whispers that lead to questioning the truth of religion, cause hatred towards it, hinder the pursuit of religious knowledge, along with the fear of dying in doubt?

You are on the truth. You were born a Muslim and guided to the religion of فطرة (primordial nature). So, praise Allah for that. The cure for obsessive whispers (waswas) is to turn away from them and not pay them any attention. Your dislike of these whispers is a sign of the soundness of your faith and does not harm you. Continue to turn away from and ignore these whispers, because indulging them leads to great evil.