Can a person demand from a woman the money he gave her from Zakat for a surgical operation that did not take place, and it was said that she is not needy?

It is not permissible for those who are not entitled to Zakat (definition) to take it, and they know this by consensus. The Zakat payer must strive to identify those who are entitled to it. If he pays it to someone he believes to be poor, and then it becomes clear that the person is wealthy, it is most likely sufficient for him. However, if he pays it to someone whose entitlement he doubts and he did not investigate, then it is not sufficient for him.