What is the ruling on the light liquid that exits after performing istinja’ (cleansing after urinating or defecating), and is it obligatory to repeat the prayer because of it? What is the ruling on doubting the emission of wind during prayer? Does doubt in prayer have the same ruling as waswas (obsessive whispering), given the fear of being afflicted by it? And is it difficult to distinguish between waswas and reality in acts of worship?

If you are certain that an impure discharge, other than the water used for istinja' (washing after relieving oneself), has exited, then you must perform istinja' from it, purify any clothes it has soiled, and repeat your ablution and prayer. However, if it is merely a case of waswasa (whispers/obsessive thoughts), then do not pay attention to it and do not investigate what has exited. The cure for doubt regarding the emission of something is what was affirmed by the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him: "One should not leave until he hears a sound or finds a smell." Similarly, the feeling of passing wind or a movement in the anus should not be heeded until one is certain of its emission. Certainty is not confused with anything else, so if you doubt the invalidation of your ablution, doubt does not invalidate it.