What is the ruling on the bank savings program that deducts from salary and invests in company shares, with the possibility of withdrawal and retrieval of the deducted amount, or obtaining the shares or the saved amount with share profits upon completion of the term?

There is no Sharia impediment to the bank deducting a portion of the employee's salary and investing it through permissible Sharia methods like Mudaraba (profit-sharing), provided that the profit is shared and the loss is borne by the employee as the capital owner. Guaranteeing the capital in Mudaraba is not permissible.

It is also permissible to deduct a portion of the salary as a deposit based on a loan to the bank. However, it is forbidden to stipulate any profit for the lending employee, because every loan that draws a benefit is forbidden usury (riba).

Therefore, the aforementioned transaction is invalid in both scenarios: whether it is Mudaraba with a capital guarantee, or a loan that involves an increase leading to a benefit for the lender. In the case of Mudaraba, all profit belongs to the capital owner, and the worker receives a fair wage. In the case of a loan, the increase is forfeited, and only the principal remains.