Is a father obligated to marry off his son before saving money and performing Hajj, and how can a father be persuaded to agree to the marriage despite the lack of a stable job?

Marriage is religiously commanded and should not be delayed if its prerequisites are met, especially if a religious girl is found. Your father's view that it's too early or that it should be tied to a job that guarantees the future is incorrect, as marriage does not conflict with seeking employment. Strive to please your father and explain to him your need for marriage and its importance at your age. If he helps you, that is good; otherwise, seek Allah's help with the means you have, and Allah will assist you as long as you strive to protect your chastity.