- Can Islam offer a solution for determining the times of prayer and worship without relying on the sun and moon, especially since it is a universal religion?

Allah has legislated timekeeping by the moon for its ease and suitability for all people. The sun indicates the beginning and end of the day and prayer times, while the crescent moon indicates the start of fasting and Hajj. This is in accordance with His, the Almighty's, saying: (So whoever among you sights the month, let him fast it), and the Prophet's, peace be upon him, saying: "Fast when you see it (the crescent moon), and break your fast when you see it. If it is obscured from you, then complete thirty days of fasting." Muslims have unanimously agreed that the timings of acts of worship are based on sighting, not astronomical calculations, as indicated by the Prophet's, peace be upon him, saying: "We are an unlettered nation; we neither write nor calculate. The month is thus and thus," meaning we rely on sighting, not on the science of astrology. This is to alleviate hardship and facilitate matters for people, and it does not contradict the universality of Islam.