Is it permissible to pray for marriage to a girl whose family refused to marry her off after initial approval, or to pray with the supplication: "O Allah, grant me my right from so-and-so"?

You should not pray to marry an engaged woman. Your father’s refusal is not necessarily an act of injustice on his part. If he has wronged you, then it is permissible to supplicate against him only to the extent of the injustice. It is known that supplicating against an oppressor is a victory for the soul. We advise you to occupy yourself with what benefits you in your religion and worldly life and to supplicate that Allah bless you with a righteous wife. Perhaps the good lies in marrying someone else, in accordance with His, the Almighty’s, saying: "And perhaps you hate a thing and it is good for you; and perhaps you love a thing and it is bad for you. And Allah knows while you know not."