Is a person considered to be abandoning those he is responsible for if he leaves his daughter in a non-Islamic country and travels to a Muslim country, knowing that he could stay to regain custody of her, but he fears raising his new children in a non-Islamic society?

Seek to persuade your wife to return with you to a Muslim country to avoid a bad environment and preserve the family. If she does not respond, strive to regain your daughter, as you are responsible for her. If you do not divorce her, stay in touch with her, perhaps she will change her mind. If a divorce occurs, continue to communicate with your daughter and try to regain her through a lawyer, as your continued communication may lead her to choose you when she grows up. And ask Allah for success.