Is it considered backbiting to talk about a person as being unjust and disrespectful of opinions and freedoms, with the aim of clarifying that their actions are incorrect? And is it considered backbiting to ask about the news of family and friends and the details of their lives out of longing, such as talking about the birth or divorce of one of them?

Backbiting is to mention about your brother what he dislikes. If what you mention is not in him, then it is not backbiting. It is not permissible except for a legally valid reason, such as complaining about an oppressor, as Allah Almighty says: {Allah does not like the public mention of evil except by one who has been wronged.} The listener of forbidden backbiting must rebuke the speaker, or leave the gathering if unable to rebuke.