Is it permissible for me to take the deferred dowry from my husband while I know that it is ill-gotten wealth?

You are not permitted to take the deferred mahr from your husband if you are certain that the money is unlawful (haram (definition)), because ill-gotten gains do not enter into the possession of the one who takes them. Rather, they remain the property of the original owner from whom they were unlawfully acquired. However, if there is no certainty regarding the unlawfulness of the money, and it is mixed with lawful (halal (definition)) money, then the preponderant view is that it is disliked (makrooh) to deal with it due to the presence of doubt.