Is the treasurer, the check writer, and the payee sinful if the bank balance does not cover the value of the check, and the check is cashed as a loan to the institution with interest?

It is not permissible to engage in usury or assist in it in any way, due to Allah’s saying: (And cooperate in righteousness and piety, but do not cooperate in sin and aggression), and due to the Prophet's ﷺ saying: (The Messenger of Allah ﷺ cursed the one who consumes Riba (usury), the one who feeds it, its scribe, and its two witnesses, and he said: "They are all equal (in sin).") Therefore, writing a usurious check and assisting its perpetrator exposes one to the curse. The scribe of usury includes the one who writes its document, copies it, records the amount in ledgers, and the accountant who calculates the usurious interest. So beware of participating in this grave sin.