Is it obligatory to leave work and go to the mosque for prayer, knowing that leaving dough or bread in the oven might spoil it, and is it permissible to perform congregational prayer in the bakery?

The fundamental principle is to pray in the mosque in congregation. It is possible to combine prayer with preserving the bread by not placing any of it [in the oven] just before the prayer call. If some has been placed and there is fear of its spoilage, then pray in congregation in your place; you will attain the reward of congregational prayer, as the mosque is not a condition for this according to the majority of scholars. Furthermore, one person can remain to attend to the bread while the rest depart, and that person is excused due to the fear of harm to their livelihood.