What are the detailed rulings for someone who joins the prayer late (masbūq)?

The latecomer (al-masbooq) is someone whom the Imam has preceded by some or all of the prayer cycles (rak'ahs). It is recommended for him to approach with tranquility and dignity.

What the latecomer catches with the Imam is considered the beginning of his prayer. The takbirat al-ihram (definition) (opening takbir) must be performed while standing. It is more cautious for him to perform two takbirs: one for al-ihram and another for bowing. However, the takbirat al-ihram alone suffices if there is a fear of missing the rak'ah.

If the latecomer doubts whether he caught the bowing, he should act based on his predominant belief. It is permissible for the latecomer to pray alone behind the row if he does not find a space.

If the Imam adds a fifth rak'ah, the latecomer should perform the tasleem (salutation) and not add another rak'ah.

The latecomer performs the prostration of forgetfulness (sujood as-sahw) with the Imam before the tasleem, but he does not follow him after the tasleem.

The latecomer is not considered to have caught the congregational prayer unless he catches a complete rak'ah by performing the bowing.

If the latecomer arrives after the final bowing, it is preferable for him to join the Imam and not wait for another congregation.

The latecomer does not catch the Friday prayer if he misses the bowing in the second rak'ah, and he should pray it as Dhuhr (noon prayer).

It is more cautious for the latecomer to stand up to make up what he missed after the Imam's second tasleem.