Was there a pre-Jumu'ah (Friday) prayer Sunnah during the time of the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, and how was it prayed then? If it did not exist, is it now considered among the Sunnah of the Rightly Guided Caliphs or an innovation?

The pre-Jumu'ah (Friday prayer) Sunnah (definition) was not known during the prophetic era, nor was it reported that the Companions used to perform it. The correct view is that a person praying on Friday performs as many rak'ahs as are easy for him upon entering the mosque. The Hanafis held that it is Sunnah before and after Jumu'ah. The Shafi'is, in a view preferred by An-Nawawi, held that two rak'ahs are Sunnah before it and two after it, and the more complete is four before it and four after it. The preponderant view is that it is not legislated. Al-Hafiz Al-Iraqi narrated from Abu Shamah that it is an innovation (bid'ah).