Is it obligatory to repeat the Hajj or to make up for the sacrifice (al-udhiyah) with expiation for one who performed the obligatory Hajj and paid the price of the sacrifice in advance, but did not hand over the sacrifice receipt until after the rituals were completed, while not having the financial means to repeat the Hajj?

The Udhiyah (definition) (sacrifice) is not obligatory for the pilgrim (Hajj). Rather, what is obligatory for the Mutamatti' (one performing Hajj Tamattu') and the Qarin (one performing Hajj Qiran (definition)) is the Hady (sacrificial animal offered in Makkah). Leaving off the Hady does not invalidate the Hajj, and the pilgrim's Hajj remains valid. If the pilgrim is a Mutamatti' or a Qarin and has paid the price of the Hady to a trustworthy entity, then they have fulfilled their obligation. If, due to a delay in delivering the receipt, the slaughtering does not occur until after the days of Tashreeq have ended, then the Hady must be slaughtered afterward. For example, one could send someone to Makkah to purchase a Hady for them and slaughter it.