Would what I did, leaving the loss amount to my partners after exiting the partnership by mutual consent, be considered a violation of Islamic law and a breach of covenant?

Praise be to Allah, and prayers and peace be upon the Messenger of Allah, and upon his family and companions. To proceed:

The majority of scholars are of the opinion that a partnership contract is a permissible contract and not a binding one. Therefore, a partner has the right to dissolve the partnership. Consequently, your withdrawal from the partnership is not contrary to Islamic law, and your leaving your share of the insurance amount to your partners is permissible and there is no blame in it.

And Allah knows best.