Must I repeat fasting the days whose validity I doubt due to menstruation-related waswas and breaking the fast before the adhan?

If you acted according to the opinion that considers a recurring habit [as a single occurrence] and were not certain that the twelfth day recurred three times, then your fasting is valid and you are not required to make up for it. As for breaking the fast, it is not permissible unless certainty or strong presumption of sunset is attained. If you relied on trustworthy information, then your fast is valid. Doubt about the invalidity of an act of worship after completing it is not to be heeded. One must cast away obsessive thoughts and not give in to them.