What is the miqat for the people of Ethiopia, Somalia, and Sudan, and what is the ruling for one of them who comes for Hajj or Umrah without ihram, then assumes ihram days later and goes directly to Makkah?

The miqat (definition) for the people of Ethiopia and Somalia is when they are parallel to Yalamlam if they come from the south, or Al-Juhfah (Rabigh) if they come from north of Jeddah. However, if they intend to go directly to Jeddah, their miqat is Jeddah. Similarly, for the people of Sudan, their miqat is Jeddah if they intend to go directly there, or Al-Juhfah (Rabigh) if they come from the north, or Yalamlam if they come from the south. This applies to those who come for Hajj or Umrah (definition).

As for someone who comes for work and has already performed their two obligatory duties, it is not obligatory for them to enter ihram (definition).

Whoever passes the miqat without ihram, their ihram is valid, and they owe a dam (sacrificial animal) to be slaughtered in Makkah and distributed among the poor if they are wealthy; otherwise, nothing is required of them.