ما هي مقارنة الإمام الرازي بين القسم بالحروف المقطعة والقسم بغيرها؟

Al-Razi mentioned a comparison between swearing by the disconnected letters and swearing by customary things in five sections:

1. Diversity of the Number of Sworn-by Items: Allah Almighty swore by one matter and one letter, by two matters and two letters, by three matters and three letters, by four matters and four letters, and by five matters and five letters. He noted that swearing did not occur with more than five things except in "By the sun and its brightness" (wal-shams wa ḍuḥāhā). As for swearing by the letters, it did not exceed five due to the burden it would impose. 2. The Particle of Swearing: Swearing by customary things was mentioned with the particle "waw" at the beginning, but this did not occur with swearing by the letters, because the letter itself was the object of the oath. 3. Fundamentals of Swearing: Allah Almighty swore by things like the fig (al-tīn) and Mount Tur, and did not swear by their origins. However, swearing by the letters was by their individual forms, because combining them with a meaning would make the oath about that meaning. If they do not have a meaning, then the individual letter is more noble. 4. Locations of Swearing: Swearing by the letters occurred at the beginning of 28 surahs, while swearing by customary things (with the exception of "wal-shams") occurred in only 14 surahs. The reason is that swearing by things can occur at the beginning and in the middle of surahs, whereas swearing by the letters only occurs at the beginning of surahs because their meaning is not rationally comprehensible. 5. Spread of Swearing: Swearing by the letters occurred in the two halves of the Qur'an, indeed in every seventh part, while swearing by customary things only occurred in the last seventh part (excluding "waṣ-ṣāffāt"), because swearing by the letters is always followed by the mention of the Qur'an or the Book, which is not found in swearing by customary things.