Is it permissible, in Sharia, not to repay the original amount to the bank, and to suffice with the interest paid monthly over five years, based on the fact that the problem originated from the bank and the guarantee check was received?

This bank deals in usury, and using its card is forbidden. The user must repent to Allah. It is not permissible to pay the usurious increase due on forbidden contracts; rather, only the original amount borrowed should be paid, as Allah Almighty says: "And if you repent, you may have your principal - [thus] you do not wrong, nor are you wronged." So, if the amount paid is equal to or greater than the principal, the bank is not entitled to more than that.