Is the theft of author and inventor copyrights considered a theft of property that necessitates the ḥadd punishment of cutting off the hand, or merely taʿzīr? What is the nature of taʿzīr, its rulings, and its limits? What are the rulings concerning compensation for the owner of the right in Islamic law and secular law?

Copyrights, inventions, and innovations are protected by Islamic law. Infringing upon them is a sin for which there is no prescribed Hadd (fixed penalty). Its punishment is a discretionary penalty (ta'zir) determined by the judge or ruler, based on the circumstances of the accused, the crime, and its impact. Discretionary penalties vary depending on the perpetrator, the victim, and the offense. Therefore, specialists should determine an appropriate penalty for the crime of infringing upon these rights.