Are serious diseases—such as cancer resulting from technological advancement and the invention of the atomic bomb—considered a trial from Allah, and what is the view of science and religion on this?

Cancer and other diseases have decreed universal and religious causes. The religious causes include: tribulation, purification, raising the ranks of the patient, and the servant's supplication to his Lord. Illness is good for the believer, and he must be content and patient, and he will be rewarded in any case.