Who are the laypeople permitted to administer ta'zeer (punishment/disciplinary action)? And is there an example of the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, administering ta'zeer to disobedient individuals?

Ta'zir (discretionary punishment) is the prerogative of the Ruler or his deputy, with the exception of a husband disciplining his disobedient wife, and the guardian and teacher of a minor. Examples of this from the Prophetic era include: the beating of someone who disobeyed the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, by selling food before moving it to his dwelling; the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, detaining a man on suspicion; and his ruling on stealing fruit hanging on a tree.