Who were the caliphs who claimed prophethood after the death of the Messenger, may Allah bless him and grant him peace?

No Umayyad, Abbasid, or Ottoman Caliph claimed prophethood. Rather, individuals like Tulayhah ibn Khuwaylid, Al-Aswad al-Ansi, and Musaylimah the Liar made such claims, and the sword of truth put an end to them. The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, informed us that there would be thirty liars in his Ummah, each claiming prophethood, and that he is the Seal of the Prophets, and there will be no prophet after him.