Is it possible to interpret the verses related to Dhul-Qarnayn's arrival at the setting and rising places of the sun in a way that is consistent with specific geographical phenomena on Earth, especially those related to the sun's rising and setting in the polar regions?

The verse and its interpretation do not mention that the sun is in perpetual rising or setting. The "setting place of the sun" and its "rising place" refer to the farthest points of the earth towards the west and the east, respectively. It is probable that Dhul-Qarnayn reached these locations either at the time of sunrise and sunset or at another time, and became acquainted with their conditions. Commentators have mentioned that the sun's risings and settings vary with the days of the year, as Ash-Shawkani stated in his commentary on the verse "So I swear by the Lord of the risings and the settings," meaning the rising and setting of each day of the year.