What is the ruling on adorning the bride with a substance like henna that prevents water from reaching the skin, and are ghusl (ritual bath), wudu (ablution), and prayer valid if its removal is difficult?

It is obligatory to remove anything that prevents water from reaching the skin for Wudu (ablution) or Ghusl (ritual bath). However, some scholars have made concessions for small amounts that are difficult to remove, likening it to dirt under the fingernail. This was the choice of Ibn Taymiyyah. But the majority of scholars hold that it is obligatory to remove any barrier, even if it is small. If henna designs prevent water from reaching the skin, it must be removed before Wudu or Ghusl. Otherwise, the purification and prayer are invalid. Some scholars have prohibited dyeing (with henna) if it cannot be removed for purification. If the barrier cannot be removed and there is a fear of the prayer time expiring, one should wipe over it, and its ruling is considered like that of a splint (or cast).