What is the difference between the Mus'haf of Sham (the Levant) and the Uthmani Mus'haf, and with which recitations does Iraq read?
The Uthmani Mushaf is the one written during the era of Uthman ibn Affan, may Allah be pleased with him. It is characterized by a specific orthography that differs from the conventional spelling, and this term has come to be applied to every Mushaf that conforms to this orthography. As for the Sham Mushaf, it was written by a calligrapher named Uthman in Sham during the Ottoman Empire. Its orthography conforms to the well-known spelling method, and printed copies of it are available in Iraq.
The Salaf have unanimously agreed on the obligation of following the Uthmani orthography when writing Mus'hafs. In Iraq, only the narration of Hafs from Asim is currently recited. The narrations of Ruwais and Al-Duri from Abu Amr are not known except to a few scholars of Qira'at, while Mus'hafs are printed with the narration of Al-Duri in Sudan.
Summarized from the full answer at Ftawy · reviewed Sep 2, 2026
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