What is the ruling on a husband saying to his wife during a dispute and in anger: "I seek refuge in Allah from you," or "I seek refuge in Allah from such a wife," without intending divorce? And are these phrases considered allusions to divorce?

Divorce does not occur except with an explicit utterance indicating it, or an implicit one—accompanied by the intention to effect it. The phrases mentioned do not effect divorce because they do not explicitly or implicitly indicate separation. Even if the husband intended divorce by them, it would not occur according to most scholars, and it would not occur at all according to all scholars as long as the husband did not intend divorce by them.