Are all Muslim scientists in secular fields atheists, such as Avicenna and Al-Farabi? And are Abbas ibn Firnas, Ibn Rushd, Ibn al-Haytham, and Al-Razi among them? Why do Muslim scholars mention Avicenna as a Muslim while Ibn Taymiyyah declared him an infidel? And are there truly Muslim scientists, or are they all atheists?

The answer touched upon the beliefs of several scholars and philosophers such as Ibn Sina, Ibn Rushd, Al-Farabi, Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Kindi, Al-Biruni, and Al-Razi.

As for Abbas ibn Firnas, sources mention that he was a poet and a literary figure well-versed in various literary forms, possessing intelligence and an ability to deduce precise meanings and subtle crafts. Many achievements were attributed to him, such as devising the method of making glass from stones, deciphering Al-Khalil's book of prosody, deciphering music, inventing the 'Minqanah' instrument for telling time, and his attempt at flight.

There is no evidence of him being an atheist; rather, some impugned his faith and ascribed sorcery to him due to the abundance of his stratagems and inventions. He was known for his knowledge of 'Nairanjat' (the mixing of the powers of earthly elements).

The mention of philosophers with deviant beliefs among Muslim scholars is attributed to two reasons: ignorance of their circumstances and the true nature of their doctrines, and their presence in Muslim lands, which some wished to use to prove that Islam does not hinder brilliance in natural sciences, and that any shortcomings are attributable to Muslims, not to Islam. Not all experimental Muslim scholars were atheists; many excelled in beneficial sciences such as medicine, architecture, and astronomy without being accused of atheism.