Is it permissible to take out a loan from a bank to pay off debts, increase income, and go for Umrah, in light of difficult financial circumstances and the absence of anyone to lend?

If the bank will lend you a loan without usurious interest, or through a Sharia-compliant transaction to obtain money, then there is no harm in that. As for a usurious loan, it is permissible to borrow with it in cases of extreme necessity, such as being threatened with imprisonment for not settling a debt, or if there is no way to obtain a benevolent loan (Qard Hasan). However, it is not permissible to borrow with usury to increase income, or if creditors are giving you respite, or if it is possible to obtain a benevolent loan.