Is the acquisition of knowledge a recollection of ancient knowledge stored in the soul, rather than learning from a blackboard? And is the personality likewise born inscribed in the soul, such that the role of worldly reality is to provide opportunities for this personality to express its good and evil? Is this what religions mean when they state that the guilty truly deserve punishment after trial and testing in this world?

Sciences of all types must be categorized. Self-evident sciences are generally accepted, but there are sciences that require study and learning. Allah Almighty said: "And Allah brought you forth from the wombs of your mothers while you knew nothing; and He gave you hearing and sight and hearts that you might give thanks" [An-Nahl: 78]. And the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said: "Indeed, knowledge is acquired through learning."

There are six types of certainties: the primary (self-evident), internal observations, empirical knowledge, transmitted knowledge (mutawatir), intuitions, and sensory perceptions. As for the notion that destiny is inscribed in souls, there is no evidence for it, and the knowledge of the soul is with Allah Almighty alone: "And they ask you, [O Muhammad], concerning the soul. Say, 'The soul is of the affair of my Lord. And you have not been given of knowledge except a little'" [Al-Isra: 85]. A distinction must be made between scientific theories, which change, and established truths, and between delusion and scientific theories based on study and experimentation.