What is the ruling on seeking false testimony and on one who gives it?

Testimony (Shahada) refers to observation and notification. Its performance requires that the witness testify to what they have known through seeing, hearing, or the widespread dissemination of information (istifadah). Testimony based on widespread knowledge and hearsay is valid in matters of marriage and its related issues, death, birth, waqf (endowment), guardianship, and dismissal. Testimony can be an individual obligation (fard ayn) if there is fear of a Muslim's right being lost, based on the Almighty's saying: ﴿And establish testimony for Allah﴾ (2:282) and ﴿And do not conceal testimony﴾ (2:283), and based on the Prophet's (PBUH) saying: "Help your brother, whether he is an oppressor or oppressed." This applies as long as no harm befalls the witness. However, if the matter being testified to is well-known and there are many witnesses, then it is recommended for the individual to perform it, and there is no sin upon him if he refrains.