ما هي علوم القرآن، وما هو تعريف كل علم منها، وكيف نشأت؟

The sciences of the Qur’an investigate matters related to the Qur’an, such as Tajwid (elocution), Qira’at (readings), رسم (orthography), I'jaz (inimitability), Mushkil (ambiguities), Nasikh and Mansukh (abrogating and abrogated verses), and Usul al-Tafsir (principles of exegesis), among others. Al-Zarkashi enumerated them as 47 types, and Al-Suyuti as 80 types. If categorized based on what they encompass, they would exceed 300 types. These sciences originated during the time of the Prophethood and the Companions. As for their compilation into a book that gathers their entirety, the first work to do so was Al-Zarkashi's book, "Al-Burhan fi 'Ulum al-Qur'an" (The Proof in the Sciences of the Qur'an).