Is it permissible for one person to prevent another from listening to a specific song, regardless of the ruling on music?

You must fear Allah Almighty and not listen to forbidden music. You should also advise this person to stop listening to it. The car owner's statement, "I do not permit you to listen," after turning on the music, is meaningless and he has no right to say it. Rather, it is obligatory for him not to play it at all if it is forbidden.